From now on, we will for an entire week devote one article per day to a specific topic and how it relates to solar technologies. To start us off, we have decided to delve deeper into current developments in electric mobility:
The photovoltaic cells with a nominal power of about 210 W/m² provide sustainable electricity for a daily mileage of about 10 km with an average electric car on a sunny day. Calculated over one year, the driving range can be extended by about 10 percent.
“In order to realize a CO2-free energy supply in all sectors, we have to promote the expansion of photovoltaics vigorously, even beyond house roofs and open spaces. In the future, solar modules will be integrated into our already built environment even more, for example into vehicles,” explains Andreas Bett, Institute Director of Fraunhofer ISE.
Up to two percent higher module efficiency
To integrate photovoltaics into a solar car roof, the researchers in Freiburg rely on shingle interconnection: the monocrystalline silicon solar cells overlap each other and are electrically connected with a conductive adhesive. Thus, there are no electrically inactive surfaces due to cell gaps. The module surface can be used to the maximum for power generation and offers a homogeneous, esthetic appearance. In addition, lower resistance losses, the avoidance of shading due to cell connectors on top of the cells and particularly high tolerance to shading ensure up to two percent higher module efficiency than for conventional solar modules. The solar cell matrix is laminated in a polymer-film laminator between the glass panes of a commercially available, spherically curved panorama car roof. By applying a specially manufactured mold, lamination can also be carried out in a conventional laminator.
Inspired by the morpho butterfly
Another special feature of the solar roof: The solar cells are completely hidden by a special colored coating and are therefore invisible. The relative efficiency loss due to the Morpho-Color glass coating is only seven percent. The effect inspired by the morpho butterfly is achieved by special surface structures that enable high color saturation with good angular stability. “The color possibilities are almost endless,” says Martin Heinrich, head of PV for Mobility at Fraunhofer ISE. The functionality of the solar roof corresponds to that of a standard metal car roof. The solar cells convert incident solar radiation into electricity, which helps to reduce overheating in the car. Due to the shingle interconnection, the module voltage is higher than with a conventional module, making it easier to transform the voltage to the battery voltage. The bonded shingle can also compensate well for the large thermal and mechanical loads experienced by a moving vehicle.
Extension of average mileage by approx. 10%
The integrated solar cells of the PV car roof have an output of approx. 210 W/m² and can supply sustainable electricity for a daily mileage of approx. 10 km on a sunny summer day. This corresponds to an annual extension of an average mileage by approx. 10% or an equivalent reduction in fuel consumption. The calculation is based on the unshaded solar radiation in Freiburg im Breisgau, the consumption of an electric car of 17 kWh per 100 km and an annual mileage of 15,000 km. Solar power can also be used for loads which could otherwise limit the range of an electric vehicle (e.g. air conditioning, heating). Fraunhofer ISE sees research potential in the integration of photovoltaics in additional vehicle surfaces for a further extension of the range.
Planned Citizen Science project PV2Go
To investigate the potential of vehicle roofs, Fraunhofer ISE, in cooperation with several transportation companies, has already conducted a measurement campaign (2016- 2017): 6 trucks were equipped with irradiation and temperature sensors as well as GPS and their routes were recorded in Eastern USA as well as in Central and Southern Europe. In Europe, a potential of 5000-7000 kilowatt-hours of annual electricity generation on a typical truck roof were determined, which corresponds to a mileage of 5000-7000 kilometers. In the planned Citizen Science project “PV2Go”, researchers at Fraunhofer ISE, with the support of interested car owners, intend to determine the irradiation potential for cars. (HCN)
See here for Part 1 and Part 2 of this week's focus on e-mobility.
